There are a million reasons why someone would want to become so empowered by the fire of God they would do anything they needed to do to protect its kingdom, but one man to this literally and his name was Charles The Great. The early years of church history is littered with examples of men and women who fought and died for the cause of Christ, yet this man’s story was forever stamped “by the sword and by the cross” for a reason. Let’s take a look at the early years of “Charlemagne” and what laid the scene during a time where the kingdom’s somewhat inevitable collapse would be prevented and then memorialized.
Born the son of the Frankish King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, Charles began to learn early from his father that going to war to reclaim what rightfully belonged to the church was not only a good thing, but God ordained. During a time of Western Europe’s height of Merovingian and Lombard stronghold’s, Charles saw a new era that would soon come only by force. Being the brother of Carloman I, who did everything he could to undermine Charlemagne, Charles was forced to at many times not only fight the adversary that would come against the co-ruled kingdom with his brother, but would be stuck in the middle of a feud that raged on until Carloman’s death at 20 years old. Let’s peer in even further to this man’s remarkable life.
Charlemagne, was a man who was tall, powerful, and tireless. His secretary, Eginhard, wrote that Charlemagne had fair hair and a “face laughing and merry. His appearance was always stately and dignified.” He was very witty, but could be stern also. His tastes were simple and moderate. He like to hunt, ride, and swim. He wore his typical Frankish dress: linen shirt and pants, a silk-fringed tunic, hose wrapped with bands, and, in winter, a tight coat of otter or marten skins. Over all these garments “he flung a blue cloak, and he always had a sword girt about him.” This just showed how Charlemagne spared no fashion in his life, but always knew the fight might come to him.
At that time the northern half of Europe was still pagan and lawless. In the south, the Roman Catholic church was striving to assert its power against the Lombard kingdom in Italy. After first offering King Desiderius money to return lands back to the papacy and being rejected, Charlemagne did not back down. It only lead to the conquering and surrender of Lombardy. Charlemagne not only became king of the Lombards, but king of Italy. His determination to not settle for ungodliness did not stop there.
He went on to literally name his sword Joyeuse, which translates to “joyful”. He gave the very thing he took lives with the term which gave him joy. With his sword in hand, he kicked off a 30 year war against the Saxons. The Saxons were considered a belligerent group of Germanic people who long resisted the Christian beliefs and the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles had taken several Saxon cities just before his conquer of Lombard, but rushed back home to find the Saxons were invading his territory and still conquered the Saxons once again. After each successful victory, the Saxons would wait until Charlemagne would turn his attention to another city and would try to reclaim that area. This only caused Charles to call a national diet to the Saxons, attempting to bring them closer to God. This tactic worked and allowed Charlemagne to conquer the entire Saxon territory after a 30 year, 18 battle crusade that would ultimately end in the conversion and baptism of their leader Widukind. Yet, debate remains on how Charlemagne could have such mercy in some regions and in another send 4,500 people to their death for practicing paganism. Charlemagne at this point was a walking contradiction.
Yet, Charlemagne knew what he was doing and what he felt God was calling him to do. Only after having established peace in this land after Widukind’s conversion did the Saxon’s attempt their final ploy by a tribe named the Nordalbingians. Not only did Charlemagne win this battle, he deported 10,000 of them out of their home to what is now Northern France. His undying devotion to restoring power back to the papacy was evident.
Many would not attribute the victory to God, but more to an effective military strategy. Either case, the undeniable truth was Charlemagne’s ability to organize. During his reign he sent out more than 50 military expeditions. He rode as commander at the head of at least half of them. He moved his armies over wide reaches of country with unbelievable speed, but every move was planned in advance. Before a campaign he told the counts, princes, and bishops throughout his kingdom how many men they should bring, what arms they were to carry, and even what to load in the supply wagons. These feats of organization and the swift marches later led Napoleon to study his tactics.
One of the most noted battles of Charlemagne’s was the Roncesvalles campaign in Spain. Many of the Muslim rulers there had vowed to pay homage to Charlemagne in exchange for military backup provided by Charlemagne. When he attempted to defeat the Saracen people, the city did not fall. This forced him to retreat back home, but not being first ambushed by Basques and killed many famous powerful people dead. This would not end here, but would lead to Charlemagne and his son Pippin to conquer Barcelona in 797, drawing an end to the battle with the Muslims.
For many years following his Saxon crusades, Charlemagne began a series of expeditions and extended through what today is known as modern Hungary. The Slavic people, once conquered, not only renounced their practices, but remained loyal to Charlemagne even until his death. He began to extend his victories into Croatia eventually growing his kingdom to unbelievable sizes. This was all due to his relentless pursuit of establishing the papacy back to the way his father would have wanted it to be.
As his kingdom began to grow, the papacy began to take notice of the accomplishments of Charlemagne and the advancement of the Holy Roman Empire. His sheer ability to convert those who were near complete barbarians to establishing Christian laws into regions where paganism ruled the land. His reputation preceded him so greatly that Pope Leo III, after being completely mistreated by the Romans in 799, asked him to step in a help this attack by Rome. Several days before Christmas, Pope Leo III was gave an oath of innocence. On Christmas Day, Charlemagne was kneeling to pray at Saint Peter’s Basilica and was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” that day. The pope was attempting to remove all papal power from the city of Constantinople to Charlemagne. Yet, Charles claimed to never have agreed to the office before he was crowned Emperor.
This is where the deceit of Charlemagne and the battles he faced truly shined. There would be no way Charlemagne could have not known this was going to occur. At any rate, Charlemagne once again used this to his benefit and claimed he was going to renew the Roman Empire. One would ask why a pope would attempt to make such a shift, but was only possibly explained by the fact that he could use Charlemagne’s influence to increase the papacy and rightfully restore the Imperial stature to Rome and dissolve any constitutional problems that had surfaced. After such sensational conquests, you would almost certainly believe Charlemagne was anointed by God, but after further inspection of Charlemagne’s unique talents and accomplishments did I really start to come to understand him.
Charlemagne was a man driven by the idea of reform. Any area he could change or better he would leap at the chance to do it more efficiently or defeat it by pure strength. One of Charlemagne’s reforms was his military reform. Charles saw many things in battle he did not like. Whether it was the speed of the troops to or the logistics of feeding his men he thought things through. Many have said that the “stir up” was created by Charles, but a sign of this invention of moving infantry to cavalry was as early as the 6th century. Although as time progressed, Charles saw a bigger need in economic reform.
Many economic problems were raised after Charlemagne’s father passed away. One was the use of the gold sou, a 1,000 denarii, and its required trade routes from Africa and the East to make this necessary as a stable from of money. Charlemagne needed a solution to solidify the economic structure of Europe. He instead made the sou and livre a counting unit as apposed to a form of currency. This allowed him to start an accurate and strict form of accounting purposes which better helped the Romans to record their expenses. Not only that, he performed several micro economical reforms on the price of goods in Rome. It would appear that Charlemagne’s presence in the Holy Roman Empire was unmatchable, but this was only due to his unusual tactics as a ruler of his time. Tactics which include higher learning.
In a time where rulers would encourage others to learn but would not learn themselves, he was taking the time to bring culture back to Europe. Charles would spend time being taught by scholars, but all the while his ability to write and even read have been called into question. Undoubtedly, Charles would not allow this to stop him and would spark his need for reform of the Roman Church.
Charles saw many issues with the church’s non-liturgical practices, especially when it came to music. He was very unhappy that the church was not conforming it’s music to that of Rome. He began a empire wide reform and had his officials and representatives constantly checking the empire’s church bodies to enforce his reform. As this spread throughout the empire, his reform ignited the musical culture of the Holy Roman Empire. The church was very pleased by his enforcement of the church, just as his father would have wanted. His extraordinary ability to organize was paying off greatly.
Charlemagne had sent into place his ability to not only rule his people, but command them. He dealt with all judicial matters and also led his armies. He was known as a protector of the church of the Holy Roman Empire and as a benefactor of the poor. With all this set in place, he could begin to set the scene for his death. Charlemagne’s accomplishments were only matched by his life after death. He was memorialized in European culture via statues, stories, and his influence that spanned literature, arts, and music. Factually, Charlemagne was appointed sainthood in the 12th century for his accomplishments. This solidified him even further in the Holy Roman Empire.
In a time where the Holy Roman Empire was not established, you have to credit Charles for standing out among the crowd and trying to really make an impact for the sake of papal history. Although, his methods were questionable or even justifiable, Charlemagne thought he was only doing well because of the papacy his father was trying to establish. He had already predetermined that his actions were in the name of the Pope and would not be affected by earthly judgment. One can’t argue his effect on early European culture, his footprint left in the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire, or even the savage killings and massacres he was said to be a part of, but one thing is for sure…this man did what he could with what he had.
Some would ask what God’s opinion of Charlemagne? What possible significance could he play in the true advancement of the Kingdom of God? One thing remains, Charlemagne was just one of the pivotal roles in igniting the advancement the church in the 7th and 8th century. When darkness was sure to prevail he sought to bring others into the light. And for that alone Charles should and rightfully so be recognized as a promoter of the Church.